Scrub and stain-resistant coating

ABSTRACT

A coating composition comprising aqueous dispersion of particles made from a copolymer comprising, based on the weight of the copolymer one or more monoethylenically unsaturated monomers; acid functional or anionic monomer and phosphorous-containing monomer.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application60/778,327 filed Mar. 2, 2006.

This invention is an improved waterborne coating composition with acombination of high scrub resistance, high stain resistance, and ease ofmanufacture. More particularly, this invention relates to a vinylpolymer with an optimized level of phosphorus-containing functionalgroups, in conjunction with an optimized level of acid-functional oranionic monomers, steric pendant groups and titanium dioxide.

Desirable interior wall coatings should be resistant to common householdstains. Stain resistance involves two things: the coating's ability toresist the stain when the coating is exposed to the staining material,and the coating's ability to withstand scrubbing to remove the residualstaining material that the coating did not fully resist.

Polymeric binders used in interior wall coatings are materials thatshould be adapted to mass manufacturing, where the ease andrepeatability of formulation of these materials is an additionalimportant performance feature to the paint manufacturer.

Another important performance feature to the large scale paintmanufacturer is the utilization efficiency of titanium dioxide pigmentin the coating, where “efficiency” refers to how well the titaniumdioxide particles are spaced in the applied coating. The titaniumdioxide provides hiding to a coating, although titanium dioxide has atendency to agglomerate. Well spaced titanium dioxide means less of thatmaterial agglomerates, and thus less material is needed to achieve thesame degree of hiding as compared to titanium dioxide that is less wellspaced. Polymeric binders that adsorb to titanium dioxide can space thetitanium dioxide to a good degree, resulting in improved utilizationefficiency of titanium dioxide. For example, polymeric latex binderscontaining phosphorus-containing functional groups are especiallywell-suited to latex adsorption as described, for example, in U.S. Pat.No. 6,080,802. Although well-suited for latex adsorption, latexes withpendant phosphorus functionality have not been generally suitable foruse in interior wall coatings because a good balance of key propertiessuch as scrub resistance, stain resistance, and ease of manufacture havenot been achieved.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,385,960 discloses a process for controlling adsorptionof polymeric latex on titanium dioxide. In this process, a procedure isused where an amount of dibasic phosphate is added at the end of paintmanufacture in order to stabilize the viscosity of the paint. In U.S.Pat. No. 5,385,960, polymer compositions are disclosed that contain onepercent by weight of phosphoethyl methacrylate and 1.3 percent by weightof methacrylic acid and 3.0% by weight of a nonionic surfactant. In theexample (Example B) which discloses this type of composition, improvedhiding and gloss are reported. However, it is well known that the highlevels of acid used in this kind of coating creates an interior wallcoating with high water sensitivity. This leads, in part, to poor scrubresistance with an aqueous scrub medium. U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,802 reportsa similar high acid coating.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,786 discloses an aqueous stain-blocking compositionusing a copolymer containing 1.5-6% by weight of a strong acidphosphorus-containing monomer. Additionally the emulsion copolymer maycontain from 0 to 5% by weight, preferably 0-1% of a copolymerizedethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer. As indicated above,the use of high levels of acid-functional monomer imparts sensitivity towater, but without very high levels of acid such high levels ofphosphorus-containing monomer is problematic to paint manufacture,especially with respect to grit formation and viscosity stability.

This invention involves a coating composition that contains a copolymerwith specific levels of functional monomers in conjunction with a stericbarrier. When used in combination at the appropriate levels, a verydesirable balance of properties required for an interior wall coating isobtained.

One aspect of the invention is a coating composition comprising:

(A) an aqueous dispersion of particles made from a copolymer comprising,based on the weight of the copolymer:

-   -   (i) 97.5-99.3 parts by weight of one or more monoethylenically        unsaturated monomers;    -   (ii) 0.1-1.0 parts by weight of an acid-functional or anionic        monomer; and    -   (iii) 0.6-1.5 parts by weight of phosphorus-containing monomer;        and where the dispersion further comprises 0.5-5.0 parts by        weight, in relation to parts of the copolymer, of an entity        containing —(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—X groups, where R=H or CH₃, z=3-60,        and X is a nonionic, anionic or amphoteric functionality,        wherein the —(CH₂—CHRO)_(n)—X groups are pendant from the        surface of the particles; and

(B) titanium dioxide.

One embodiment of this invention is the composition described abovewherein the copolymer is produced in a process, where the pH ismaintained at 1.5 to 4.5 (or more preferably at 1.5 to 3.5) throughoutat least 70% of the phosphorus-containing monomer feed.

Another embodiment is the composition above wherein monomers (ii) and(iii) are co-fed to the polymerization.

Another embodiment is the composition above wherein the copolymercomprises 0.75-1.0 parts by weight of phosphorus-containing monomer.

Another embodiment is the composition above wherein the copolymercomprises 0.2-0.5 parts by weight of acid-functional or anionic monomer.

Another embodiment of the invention is the composition above wherein the—(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—X groups are introduced as copolymerizable surfactantshaving at least one polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated bond orpolyalkylene oxide-derivatized (meth)acrylate monomers.

This invention comprises a vinyl polymer with an optimized level ofphosphorus-containing functional groups, in conjunction with anoptimized level of acid-functional or anionic monomers, in conjunctionwith an optimized level of pendant steric groups, together with titaniumdioxide, as a pigment or filler, in a coating composition. It has beensurprisingly found that low levels of acid-functional or anionicmonomers in conjunction with pendant ethoxylate or propoxylate groups,effectively slows down latex adsorption of the phosphorus-functionallatex onto titanium dioxide particles, while providing the paint withpractical viscosity stability. The controlled speed of latex adsorptionallows the mass production of paint substantially free of grit, whileproviding paint with both practical viscosity stability and efficienttitanium dioxide usage. In other polymers, grit is formed by highlocalized concentrations of pigment in an environment in which there isinsufficient latex particles for complete latex adsorption onto thetitanium dioxide particles, and where rapid adsorption can causebridging flocculation. In the copolymer used in this invention, wesurprisingly found that the key balance of properties: high resistanceto scrubbing, high resistance to household stains, and ease of paintmanufacture can be achieved while using the inventivephosphorus-functional latex. This beneficial balance of properties, webelieve, is achieved by the use of specific levels of co-fed functionalmonomers in conjunction with pendant ethoxylate or propoxylate groupsthat provide an optimized level of steric hindrance to the latexparticle.

Although we do not want to be limited to a particular theory, we believethat the acid-functional or anionic monomers disrupt the formation ofblocks of phosphorus-containing monomers in the polymer. In priorpolymers with phosphorus-containing monomers, formation of blocks ofphosphorus-containing monomers in the polymer, and the resultingmultidentate chelating ability, is believed to contribute strongly tothe speed of latex adsorption onto the titanium dioxide, leading to gritformation. If formation of these blocks is mitigated through the use ofa co-feed of acid-functional or anionic monomer, the ultimate level oflatex adsorption is not altered, as this is largely controlled by thephosphorus content. The speed of latex adsorption is slowed by thesubstantial lack of phosphorus blocks, allowing the production ofsubstantially grit free paint in a modern mass manufacturing environmentemploying large equipment of low power per unit volume. Although notwishing to be limited by a particular theory, the speed of latexadsorption can be controlled even more beneficially through theadditional use of a steric barrier on the surface of the latex, such asobtained through the post-addition of an ethoxylate or propoxylatesurfactant, or through the use of copolymerizable surfactants having atleast one polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated bond, or similarmaterials.

Thus, we surprisingly found that a beneficial balance ofproperties—scrub resistance, stain resistance, titanium dioxideefficiency via latex adsorption, very low grit, and viscositystability—can be achieved in one coating composition.

The composition of this invention is a coating composition comprising anemulsion copolymer whose polymerized units comprise 97.5-99.3 parts byweight of monoethylenically unsaturated monomers, based upon the weightof the polymer. The terms (meth)acrylic and (meth)acrylate herein referto acrylic or methacrylic, and acrylate or methacrylate, respectively.Thus, suitable ethylenically unsaturated monomers include, for example,(meth)acrylic esters including C₁ to C₄₀ esters of (meth)acrylic acidsuch as methyl(meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, butyl(meth)acrylate,2-ethylhexyl(meth)acrylate, decyl(meth)acrylate, lauryl(meth)acrylate,stearyl(meth)acrylate, isobornyl(meth)acrylate; hydroxyalkyl esters of(meth)acrylic acid such as hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate andhydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate; (meth)acrylamide, propenamide, anddimethylacrylamide; (meth)acrylonitrile; amino-functional andureido-functional monomers; monomers bearing acetoacetate-functionalgroups; α-olefins such as 1-decene; styrene or substituted styrenes;vinyl acetate, vinyl butyrate and other vinyl esters; vinyl monomerssuch as vinyl chloride, vinyl toluene, and vinyl benzophenone;vinylidene chloride; N-vinyl pyrrolidone; ethylene, propylene, andbutadiene. Preferred are all-acrylic, predominantly acrylic,styrene/acrylic, and vinyl acetate/acrylic copolymers.

The emulsion copolymer of the inventive coating compositions comprisespolymerized units which also comprise from 0.1-1.0 parts by weight,based on the weight of the polymer particles, and more preferably0.2-0.5% by weight, of acid-functional or anionic monomer.“Acid-functional or anionic monomer” refers to ethylenically unsaturatedmonomers containing acid groups or their salts, except forphosphorus-containing acid groups (or their salts). Suitable acid groupsinclude monomers containing carboxylic acid groups and sulfur acidgroups or their respective anions. Examples of unsaturated carboxylicacid monomers (or their respective anions) include acrylic acid,methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, maleicacid, and mono-ester derivatives of diacids, such as monomethylitaconate, monomethyl fumarate, and monobutyl fumarate. Also included ismaleic anhydride, that is able to function similarly. Examples ofmonomers containing sulfur acid groups include2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, sulfoethyl (meth)acrylate,and vinyl sulfonic acid.

The emulsion copolymer of the inventive coating compositions comprisespolymerized units which also comprise from 0.6-1.5 parts (preferably0.75-1.0 parts) by weight, based on the weight of the polymer, ofphosphorus-containing monomer. Examples of suitablephosphorus-containing monomers include dihydrogen phosphate esters of analcohol in which the alcohol also contains a polymerizable vinyl orolefinic group, such as allyl phosphate; mono- or diphosphate ofbis(hydroxymethyl)fumarate or itaconate; derivatives of (meth)acrylicacid esters, such as, for example, phosphates ofhydroxyalkyl-(meth)acrylate including 2-hydroxyethyl-(meth)acrylate,3-hydroxypropyl-(meth)acrylates, and the like. Thus, dihydrogenphosphate ester monomers include phosphoalkyl(meth)acrylates, such as2-phosphoethyl(meth)acrylate, 2-phosphopropyl(meth)acrylate,3-phosphopropyl(meth)acrylate, phosphobutyl(meth)acrylate and3-phospho-2-hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate. For purposes of this invention,phosphoalkyl(meth)acrylates include ethylene oxide condensates of(meth)acrylates such as H₂C═C(CH₃)COO(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)P(O)(OH)₂, where n isfrom 1 to 50. Phosphoalkyl crotonates, phosphoalkyl maleates,phosphoalkyl fumarates, phosphodialkyl(meth)acrylates, phosphodialkylcrotonates, and allyl phosphate can all be used. Other suitablephosphorus-containing monomers are phosphonate-functional monomers, suchas those disclosed in WO 99/25780 A1, and include vinyl phosphonic acid,allyl phosphonic acid, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanephosphinic acid,α-phosphonostyrene, and 2-methylacrylamido-2-methylpropanephosphinicacid. Still other suitable phosphorus-containing monomers are1,2-ethylenically unsaturated (hydroxy)phosphinylalkyl(meth)acrylatemonomers, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,005, and include(hydroxy)phosphinylmethyl methacrylate.

Preferred phosphorus-containing monomers are phosphates of hydroxyalkylmethacrylates, with 2-phosphoethyl(meth)acrylate (PEM) being the mostpreferred.

The coating compositions of this invention comprise emulsion copolymerparticles and also comprise an entity containing —(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—Xgroups, where R=H or CH₃, z=3-60, and X is a nonionic, anionic oramphoteric functionality, wherein that functionality is pendant from thesurface(s) of the particles. More preferably z is in the range 5-15, andboth R and X=H. By “pendant,” we mean either or both of two things: (1)that the —(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—X group may be appended to a vinyl-containinggroup that can be polymerized into the copolymer by adding that materialduring the polymerization step; and (2) a substance that contains a—(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—X group that is added to the dispersion of copolymerparticles but does not polymerize into the copolymer but rather thegroup is part of a moiety that is adsorbed to the latex particlesurface, for example, via ionic attractions or via Van der Waalsattractions.

In the first case, the —(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—X group may be attached to apolymerizable group and copolymerized onto the particle, thus attachingthe group covalently to the latex particle during the emulsionsynthesis, such as through the use of a material covalently bonded tothe —(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—X group having at least one polymerizableethylenically unsaturated bond (for example, the Hitenol™ monomers fromDaiichi Corp. described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/255,635),or similar materials. This may include other monomers that can becopolymerized with the polymer, such as the polyalkyleneoxide-derivatized (meth)acrylate type monomers described in U.S. PatentPublication 2001/0031826 (paragraphs 0001-0002) or the polymerizablesurfactants described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/255,635. Ifthis first approach is taken, the copolymer then further comprises theadditional co-monomer in an amount from 0.5-5.0 (and more preferably0.5-3.0) parts by weight, based on the weight of the rest of thecopolymer, of the entity containing —(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—X groups. In thisfirst case, the sum of the parts by weight of monomers and polymerizablesurfactants that comprise the copolymer can be more than 100 parts intotal.

In the second case (i.e. adsorption of the —(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—X moiety),examples of adsorption agents suitable for the introduction of the—(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—X group include nonionic surfactants such as ethoxylatednonylphenols, propoxylated nonylphenols, ethoxylated alcohols, orpropoxylated alcohols, etc. When the —(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—X group isintroduced via adsorption, such introduction can be made during orfollowing polymerization (even at any step of the coating compositionformulation). If this approach is taken, the polymer dispersion furthercomprises from 0.5-5.0 (and more preferably 0.5-3.0) parts by weight inrelation to parts of the copolymer, of the entity containing—(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—X groups.

The composition of this invention is a coating composition that alsocomprises titanium dioxide as one of the pigment components. The surfaceof the titanium dioxide particles used can be adjusted in a number ofdifferent ways. The particles can be pretreated with silica, zirconia,aluminum oxide, or mixtures thereof. The titanium dioxide particles maybe added to the coating composition as a dry powder or as a slurry inwater with other dispersing constituents present in the slurry.

The composition of this invention comprises titanium dioxide pigmentparticles. The composition optionally also comprises filler particles.Preferably, the total amount of titanium dioxide and fillers, combined,as a percentage of total acrylic polymer solids is from 1% to 400%, morepreferably from 50% to 200%. Examples of fillers and pigments include,e.g., titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, clay, iron oxide, magnesiumsilicate, calcium carbonate and combinations thereof. Preferably, thecomposition of this invention comprises titanium dioxide. Preferably,titanium dioxide particles are orthogonal, i.e., no cross-sectionaldimension through a particle is substantially greater than any othercross-sectional dimension through the same particle. Examples oforthogonal particles are spherical and cubic particles, and those havingshapes intermediate between spherical and cubic. Preferably, the amountof titanium dioxide as a percentage of total acrylic polymer solids isfrom 1% to 200%, more preferably from 50% to 150%.

A photoinitiator may optionally be used in the composition of thisinvention to enhance dirt resistance, for example, a substitutedacetophenone or benzophenone derivative as is taught in U.S. Pat. No.5,162,415.

The polymeric binder used in this invention is a substantiallythermoplastic, or substantially uncrosslinked, polymer when it isapplied to the substrate, although low levels of adventitiouscrosslinking may also be present.

The “glass transition temperature” or “T_(g)” of the copolymer ispreferably from −20 to 60° C., more preferably −10 to 40° C., mostpreferably 0 to 30° C. It is measured by differential scanningcalorimetry (DSC). “T_(g)” is the temperature at or above which a glassypolymer will undergo segmental motion of the polymer chain. To measurethe glass transition temperature of a polymer by DSC, the polymer sampleis dried, preheated to 120° C., rapidly cooled to −100° C., and thenheated to 150° C., at a rate of 20° C./minute while DSC data arecollected. The glass transition temperature for the sample is measuredat the midpoint of the inflection using the half-height method.

The practice of emulsion polymerization is discussed in detail in D. C.Blackley, Emulsion Polymerization (Wiley, 1975). Conventional emulsionpolymerization techniques may be used to prepare the polymer compositionof this invention as an aqueous dispersion of polymer particles. Thepractice of emulsion polymerization is also discussed in H. Warson, TheApplications of Synthetic Resin Emulsions, Chapter 2 (Ernest Benn Ltd.,London 1972).

Thus the ethylenically unsaturated monomers may be emulsified as knownin the art with a stabilizing reagent such as an anionic or nonionicdispersing agent, also referred to as a surfactant. Combinations ofanionic and nonionic dispersing agents may also be used. High molecularweight polymers such as hydroxy ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, andvinyl alcohol may be used as emulsion stabilizers and protectivecolloids, as may polyelectrolytes such as polyacrylic acid. Acidicmonomers particularly those of low molecular weight, such as acrylicacid and methacrylic acid, are water soluble, and thus may serve asdispersing agents which aid in emulsifying the other monomers used.

Suitable anionic dispersing agents include, for example, the higherfatty alcohol sulfates, such as sodium lauryl sulfate; alkylarylsulfonates such as sodium or potassium isopropylbenzene sulfonates orisopropyl naphthalene sulfonates; alkali metal higher alkylsulfosuccinates, such as sodium octyl sulfosuccinate, sodiumN-methyl-N-palmitoylaurate, sodium oleyl isothionate; alkali metal saltsand ammonium salts of alkylarylpolyethoxyethanol sulfates, sulfonates,or phosphates, such as sodium tert-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethyl sulfatehaving 1 to 50 oxyethylene units; alkali metal salts and ammonium saltsof alkyl polyethoxyethanol sulfates, sulfonates, and phosphates; andalkali metal salts and ammonium salts of aryl polyethoxyethanolsulfates, sulfonates, and phosphates.

Suitable nonionic dispersing agents includealkylphenoxypolyethoxyethanols having alkyl groups of from about 7 to 18carbon atoms and from about 6 to about 60 oxyethylene units, such asheptylphenoxypolyethoxyethanols, methyloctyl phenoxypolyethoxyethanols;polyethoxyethanol derivatives of methylene-linked alkyl phenols;sulfur-containing agents such as those made by condensing from about 6to 60 moles of ethylene oxide with nonyl mercaptan, dodecyl mercaptan,or with alkylthiophenols wherein the alkyl groups contain from 6 to 16carbon atoms; ethylene oxide derivatives of long chained carboxylicacids, such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, ormixtures of acids such as those found in tall oil containing from 6 to60 oxyethylene units per molecule; analogous ethylene oxide condensatesof long chained alcohols such as octyl, decyl, lauryl, or cetylalcohols, ethylene oxide derivatives of etherified or esterifiedpolyhydroxy compounds having a hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain, such assorbitan monostearate containing from 6 to 60 oxyethylene units; blockcopolymers of ethylene oxide section combined with one or morehydrophobic propylene oxide sections. Mixtures of alkylbenzenesulfonates and ethoxylated alkylphenols may be employed.

In one embodiment of the invention described above, the polymercomprises, as a polymerized unit, a copolymerizable surfactant having atleast one polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated bond. Other monomersthat can be copolymerized with the polymer, such as the polyalkyleneoxide-derivatized (meth)acrylate type monomers described in U.S. PatentPublication 2001/0031826 (paragraphs 0001-0002), can also be used. Suchmaterials, and those that function similarly, can perform the role ofstabilizing reagents.

The polymerization process to prepare the polymer may be a thermal orredox type; that is, free radicals may be generated solely by thethermal dissociation of an initiator species or a redox system may beused. Conventional (thermal) free radical initiators may be used suchas, for example, azo compounds, hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide,potassium peroxide, t-butyl or t-amyl hydroperoxide, cumenehydroperoxide, ammonium and/or alkali metal persulfates, sodiumperborate, perphosphoric acid and salts thereof, potassium permanganate,and ammonium or alkali metal salts of peroxydisulfuric acid, typicallyat a level of 0.01% to 3.0% by weight, based on the weight of totalmonomer. Alternatively, redox systems using the same initiators(alternatively referred to as “oxidants”) coupled with a suitablereductant such as, for example, sodium sulfoxylate formaldehyde,ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid, alkali metal and ammonium salts ofsulfur-containing acids, such as sodium sulfite, bisulfite, thiosulfate,hydrosulfite, sulfide, hydrosulfide or dithionite, formadinesulfinicacid, hydroxymethanesulfonic acid, sodium 2-hydroxy-2-sulfinatoaceticacid, acetone bisulfite, amines such as ethanolamine, glycolic acid,glyoxylic acid hydrate, lactic acid, glyceric acid, malic acid, tartaricacid and salts of the preceding acids may be used. Redox reactionscatalyzing metal salts of iron, copper, manganese, silver, platinum,vanadium, nickel, chromium, palladium, or cobalt may be used. In redoxinitiated systems, the reducing component is frequently referred to asan accelerator. The initiator and accelerator, commonly referred to ascatalyst, catalyst system, or redox system, may be used in proportionfrom about 0.01% or less to 3% each, based on the weight of monomers tobe copolymerized. Examples of redox catalyst systems include t-butylhydroperoxide/sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate/Fe(II) and ammoniumpersulfate/sodium bisulfite/sodium hydrosulfite/Fe(II). Thepolymerization temperature may be from 10° C. to 90° C., or more, andmay be optimized for the catalyst system employed, as is conventional.Emulsion polymerization may be seeded or unseeded.

Chain transfer agents such as mercaptans, polymercaptan, polyhalogen,and allyl compounds in the polymerization mixture may be used tomoderate the molecular weight of the polymer. Examples of chain transferagents which may be used include long chain C₄-C₂₂ linear or branchedalkyl mercaptans such as t-dodecyl mercaptans, alkyl thioglycolates,alkyl mercaptoalkanoates, alcohols such as isopropanol, isobutanol,lauryl alcohol, or t-octyl alcohol, carbon tetrachloride,tetrachloroethylene, tetrabromoethane, and trichlorobromoethane.Generally from 0.1 to 3 weight %, based on the weight of total monomerin the copolymer, may be used. Alternatively, suitable molecular weightsmay be obtained by increasing the initiator level, or by a combinationof increased initiator level and a chain transfer agent.

A monomer emulsion containing all or some portion of the monomers to bepolymerized may be prepared using the monomers, water, and surfactants.A catalyst solution containing catalyst in water may be separatelyprepared. The monomer emulsion and catalyst solution may be cofed intothe polymerization vessel over the course of the emulsionpolymerization. The reaction vessel itself may initially contain water.The reaction vessel may also additionally contain seed emulsion andfurther may additionally contain an initial charge of the polymerizationcatalyst. The temperature of the reaction vessel during the emulsionpolymerization may be controlled by cooling to remove heat generated bythe polymerization reaction or by heating the reaction vessel. Severalmonomer emulsions may be simultaneously cofed into the reaction vessel.When multiple monomer emulsions are cofed, they may be of differentmonomer compositions. The sequence and rates at which the differentmonomer emulsions are cofed may be altered during the emulsionpolymerization process. The pH of the contents of the reaction vesselmay also be altered during the course of the emulsion polymerizationprocess.

In one embodiment of the present invention the emulsion polymer may beprepared by a multistage emulsion polymerization process, in which atleast two stages differing in composition are polymerized in sequentialfashion. Such a process usually results in the formation of at least twomutually incompatible polymer compositions, thereby resulting in theformation of at least two phases within the polymer particles. Suchparticles are composed of two or more phases of various geometries ormorphologies such as, for example, core/shell or core/sheath particles,core/shell particles with shell phases incompletely encapsulating thecore, core/shell particles with a multiplicity of cores, andinterpenetrating network particles. In all of these cases the majorityof the surface area of the particle will be occupied by at least oneouter phase and the interior of the particle will be occupied by atleast one inner phase. Each of the stages of the multi-staged emulsionpolymer may contain the same monomers, surfactants, chain transferagents, etc. as disclosed herein-above for the emulsion polymer. For amulti-staged polymer particle, the amount of phosphorus-containingmonomer, or other monomers/components, shall be determined from theoverall composition of the emulsion polymer without regard for thenumber of stages or phases therein. The polymerization techniques usedto prepare such multistage emulsion polymers are well known in the artsuch as, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,325,856; 4,654,397; and4,814,373. A preferred multistage emulsion polymer containsphosphorus-containing monomer in only one of the stages.

The polymer particles of the aqueous dispersion may have a particle sizeof from 20 to 500 nm, preferably 20 to 250 nm, most preferably 50 to 150nm. The particle size distribution may be unimodal, bimodal, multimodal,or broad. The average particle diameter may be measured by aquasi-elastic light scattering technique, using an instrument such as aBrookhaven Model BI-90 Particle Sizer, supplied by BrookhavenInstruments Corporation, Holtsville, N.Y. Alternatively, for colloidswith multi-mode particle size distributions, a particle size analysismethod known as capillary hydrodynamic fractionation (CHDF) may be usedwith an instrument such as the Matec CHDF 2000 (from Matec AppliedSciences, Northborough, Mass.).

The inventive polymers have a weight average molecular weight, M_(w), inthe range 20,000-5,000,000 (preferably 100,000-1,000,000, and morepreferably 100,000-500,000) as measured by GPC. If the M_(w) becomes toolow, durability upon exterior exposure is compromised. If the M_(w)becomes too high, the abrasive scrub performance is compromised.

In a preferred embodiment, the polymerization of the copolymer particlesis accomplished using a gradual addition feed process. In this process,a seed polymer is added or formed in situ, and then grown out throughthe gradual addition of monomer(s). In the case where the seed is formedin situ, a small charge of monomer emulsion to the reactor, typically 3%of the whole monomer emulsion mix, is made and the polymerization isinitiated to form a seed. In other cases a fully polymerized particle isadded to the reactor of a composition compatible with the monomers to becharged. These are standard emulsion polymerization techniques wellknown to those skilled in the art.

In another preferred embodiment of this invention, the pH is controlledduring polymerization of the copolymer to be between 1.5 to 4.5throughout at least 70% of the phosphorus-containing acidic monomerfeed, preferably between 1.5 to 3.5 throughout 70% of thephosphorus-containing acidic monomer feed, and most preferably between2.0 to 3.0 throughout 100% of the phosphorus-containing acidic monomerfeed. As shown in FIG. 1, the pH does not necessarily have to becontrolled over the initial 70% range of the monomer addition, butalternatively can be controlled over the final 70% of the addition, oreven over some intermediate portion of the monomer addition.

If the pH of the polymerization medium falls below about 1.5 during anysubstantial period of time during polymerization, the acid-functionalmonomer tends to polymerize inside the seed particle or polymerparticle, which is undesirable. Allowing the copolymer to polymerizesubstantially on the outside surface of the seed or polymer particle ispreferred. If the pH is allowed to rise above about pH 3.5 during anysubstantial period of time during polymerization, thephosphorus-containing acid monomer can be present in the soluble,de-protonated form, and polymerize in the aqueous medium as opposed topolymerizing substantially on the outside surface of the seed or polymerparticle. The pH can be controlled, as taught by the examples thatfollow, by the addition of basic agents including, but not limited to,ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium hydroxide, or other buffering agents,at various times during polymerization. The exact sequence and amount ofaddition depends on how much and when phosphorus-containing acidmonomers are added (that lower pH, of course). With a minimum effort,one skilled in the art with this general guidance can develop ways tocontrol pH such that it remains within the ranges described above duringpolymerization. In practice, and as taught in the examples that follow,it has been found that the pH can be adequately controlled as describedabove by the addition of suitable amounts of ammonium bicarbonate and/orsodium hydroxide at the beginning of the phosphorus-containing monomeremulsion feed, at the midpoint of the feed, and again at the end of thefeed. The pH is monitored throughout.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the copolymerwas produced by a process in which the acid-functional (carboxylate)monomers and phosphorus-containing monomers are co-fed to thepolymerization. In this process, it is important that there is aconcentration of the phosphorus-containing monomer and a concentrationof the acid-functional (carboxylate) monomer in the reactor availablefor polymerization simultaneously. If the relative concentration of theacid-functional (carboxylate) monomer becomes too low, then theformation of blocks of polymer comprised of the phosphorus-containingmonomer is favored. The generation of simultaneous significantconcentrations is best achieved by an overlap in the feed time of themonomers. Because the rate of polymerization is quite rapid, thepreferred condition is full overlap of feed times, or the addition ofboth components to the same monomer emulsion to be fed. However, thescope of the invention also contemplates that the overlap of the feedscan be less than 100%, in which case the benefits of the invention willstill be seen, although to a diminishing degree. A suitable process forexecuting this includes, but is not limited to, forming a monomeremulsion comprising both monomers, and gradually feeding this monomeremulsion to the batch reaction.

Other components may be added to the polymer composition of thisinvention, including without limitation, other polymers such as vinylacetate polymers, styrene butadiene polymers, acrylic copolymers, andvinyl chloride copolymers; other pigments or fillers; surfactants;plasticizers; buffers; neutralizers; humectants; waxes; dyes;pearlescents; adhesion promoters; tackifiers; dispersants; defoamers;leveling agents; optical brighteners; ultraviolet stabilizers such ashindered amine light stabilizers; cosolvents; coalescents; rheologymodifiers or thickeners; preservatives; biocides; and antioxidants.

The coating composition of this invention may be applied onto substratesusing conventional coating application methods, such as, for example,brushing, rolling, dipping, and spraying methods. Substrates to whichthe coating composition of this invention may be applied include, forexample, timber including but not limited to cedar, pine, teak, oak,maple, and walnut; processed timber including but not limited to mediumdensity fiber board, chip board, laminates; mineral substrates includingbut not limited to masonry, concrete, stucco, fiber, mortar, cement,cement asbestos, plaster, plasterboard, glazed and unglazed ceramic;metal including but not limited to galvanized iron, galvanized steel,cold rolled steel, Zincalum™ metal, Zincalum™ II metal, aluminum,wrought iron, drop forged steel, and stainless steel; previously paintedor primed surfaces (fresh, aged or weathered) including but not limitedto acrylic coatings, vinyl acrylic coatings, styrene acrylic coatings,powder coated surfaces, solvent acrylic coatings, alkyd resin coatings,solvent urethane coatings, and epoxy coatings; synthetic substratesincluding but not limited to polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidenechloride, polyethylene, and polypropylene; asphalt; cellulosicsubstrates such as paper, paperboard, wallpaper, and wallboard; glass;leather; and woven and nonwoven material such as cloth, wool, syntheticand natural fiber, and textiles. The coating composition may be used,for example, as a wood coating, maintenance coating, interior orexterior wall coating, metal primer or coating, traffic paint, leathercoating, coil coating, architectural coating, mastic sealant, caulk,board coating, paper coating, ink, flooring coating, and adhesive.Coatings prepared from the polymer composition may be flat coatings,satin coatings, semi-gloss coatings, gloss coatings, primers, texturedcoatings, and the like.

After the coating composition has been applied to a substrate, thecoating composition is dried or is allowed to dry to form a film. Heatmay be applied to dry the coating composition.

Test Procedures The following test procedures were used to generate thedata reported in the Examples below. Scrub Resistance Test

This test (based on ASTM D 2486-00) was performed as follows:

A. Preparation of Apparatus:

-   -   1. Abrasion Tester—An abrasion testing device is used which        consists of a brush clamped into a bracket which is moved back        and forth over the dried, applied paint film by means of a set        of cables on either side. The abrasion tester must be leveled        before use and operated at 37±1 cycles/minute.    -   2. Brush—The bristles, if new, must be leveled before use to        permit uniform wear on the paint surface. Leveling is        accomplished by running the brush over 100 or 120 mesh aluminum        oxide close grain sandpaper.

B. Test:

-   -   1. Draw down the paint on a black vinyl chart (Type P-121-10N,        The Leneta Company) using the 7 mil opening of a 7/10 Dow film        caster, starting from the secured end of the panel. The time for        application should be fairly slow, 3 to 4 seconds from end to        end, to prevent formation of pinholes in the film. Air dry in a        horizontal position for 7 days in an open room kept at        73.5+/−3.5° F. and 50+/−5% relative humidity.    -   2. Make three drawdowns of each sample. Test two and average        them if they are within 25% repeatability. If they are not, test        a third and average the three.    -   3. Secure the drawdown to the abrasion tester by using a        gasketed frame and brass weights or clamps.    -   4. Mount the brush in the holder. Spread 10 grams of a scrub        medium (Abrasive Scrub Medium, Type SC-2, The Leneta Company)        evenly on the brush bristles. Place the brush at the center of        the path. The brush is bristle side up when applying the scrub        medium and water, then carefully turn it bristle-side down when        starting the test.    -   5. Start the test. After each 400 cycles before failure, remove        the brush (do not rinse); add 10 g of stirred scrub medium;        replace the brush. Place 5 ml of water on the brush before        continuing.    -   6. Record the number of cycles to remove the paint film fully in        one continuous line. A “PASS” (meaning acceptable scrub        resistance) is defined as greater than 1000 cycles.

Stain Resistance Test Procedure:

-   -   1. Cast the test paint on a black vinyl chart with a 7 mil (wet)        Dow applicator. Cast a control paint adjacent to the test paint.        Dry 1 week at 77+/−3.5° F. and 50+/−5% relative humidity.    -   2. Mark one half inch sections across the test panel as shown.        The total number of sections should correspond to the total        number of stains selected plus a ½″ gap between stains.    -   3. Each stain is then applied uniformly to fill in the test        area. In order to contain stains to the test area, wet stains,        such as grape juice and coffee, can be applied over a ½″ strip        of cheesecloth which will soak up excess liquid and prevent it        from bleeding into the other stained areas.    -   4. Allow the stains to soak in for at least ½ hour.    -   5. Wipe off the excess stain with a dry paper towel or dry        cheesecloth.    -   6. For each test sample, prepare a new 6″×9″ cheesecloth and        attach to a 1 lb abrasion boat. Saturate the cheesecloth with a        1% Tide® laundry detergent solution.    -   7. Scrub panel for 200 cycles with the 1 lb boat, using a cabled        scrub testing device.    -   8. Rinse panel thoroughly with water, let dry, and then rate the        degree of stain removal by eye, on a scale of 1 to 10,        corresponding to 10% to 100% removal, by comparing to        un-scrubbed sides (i.e. 10 is the best score).

Gloss and Grit Assessment Procedure:

-   -   1. Prepare a drawdown of the test sample on a Leneta 5C chart        with a 3 mil Bird film applicator. Let the chart dry at        77+/−3.5° F. and 50+/−5% relative humidity for 7 days.    -   2. Measure specular gloss at two angles of reflection: 20° and        60°, using a calibrated and standardized Glossgard II        Glossmeter, available from the Gardner Company. Higher gloss        numbers are preferred for these types of paints, and are        compared against the chosen commercial standard (Rhoplex®        SG-30).    -   3. Evaluate the level of grit seen on the dried drawdown. Report        the level of grit using the following range: none/very        slight/slight/moderate/heavy/severe. Candidates for commercial        paints should not have any observable grit, thus the rating        “none” is highly preferred.

Viscosity Stability Procedure:

-   -   1. An equilibrated sample of paint is poured into two standard        size (½ pint) metal or plastic cans. Each can is filled to        approximately 90% of capacity to allow “head room”. One sample        is placed into the 60° C. oven, and the other sample is retained        as a room temperature control. Take initial sheared KU (Stormer)        viscosity on the control paint.    -   2. The time for heat-aging samples is 240 hours in the 60° C.        oven. Samples are equilibrated at room temperature for 24 hours,        after removing from oven, before checking viscosities or other        properties.    -   3. The heat-aged paint sample is hand stirred with a spatula at        a moderate rate for one minute. The viscosity is taken        immediately thereafter with a Stormer Viscometer. Paint        manufacturers generally prefer a lower value for ΔKU, the change        in viscosity, but the acceptable value varies from one        manufacturer to another. Herein, viscosity change is evaluated        in a comparative sense.

Hiding Procedure:

-   -   1. Using a 1.5 mil Bird applicator, cast thin films of the test        paint on Leneta RC-BC black release charts.    -   2. Using a 25 mil draw down bar, cast one thick film per paint,        width-wise, on a Leneta black vinyl scrub chart.    -   3. Dry overnight at 77+/−3.5° F. and 50+/−5% relative humidity.    -   4. Place a Kodak® projector glass slide cover (3.25″×4″) on the        thin film and score with an Excel® knife to obtain the test        area. (13 in²)    -   5. Measure 5 reflectance values using a portable Byk-Gardner 45°        reflectometer or similar device, on the scored thin film test        area and record the average value. The first measurement is made        at the top left hand corner of the test area. The succeeding        measurements are made diagonally down to the lower right hand        corner. Measure 5 reflectance values on the thick film test area        and record the average value.    -   6. Tare an aluminum weighing pan on an analytical balance.    -   7. Using the tip of an Exacto® knife, carefully lift the scored        thin film test area and put the film into the tared pan on the        analytical balance. Be sure to get every bit of film into the        pan.    -   8. Record the weight of the film.    -   9. From measured reflectance values of thick and thin film and        the weight of film test area, calculate hiding “S” values using        the formulations listed below.

Kubelka-Munk Equations:

In this test, Kubelka/Munk hiding value “S” is given by:

S=X ⁻¹ R(ln 1−R _(B) R)/(1−R ²)(1−R _(B) /R)

where X is the average film thickness (mils), R is the averagereflectance of the thick film and R_(B) is the average reflectance overblack of the thin film on the black Leneta. X can be calculated from theweight of the dry paint film (W_(pf)), the density (D) of the dry film;and the film area (A). Film area for a 3.25″×4″ template is 13 in².

${X\left( \text{mils} \right)} = \frac{{{Wpf}({gms})} \times 1000\left( {{mil}\text{/}\text{inch}} \right)}{{D\left( {{lbs}\text{/}{gal}} \right)} \times 1.964\left( {{gm}\text{/}{in}^{3}\text{/}{lbs}\text{/}{gal}} \right) \times {A\left( {in}^{2} \right)}}$

Generally, higher S values are always desirable, since more efficientuse of pigment can translate to a better quality paint or lower costs(or both) for the paint manufacturer. The data is compared to thatobtained for a similarly formulated commercial binder.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of a Phosphorus-Functional Polymer with 1.0 WeightPercent PEM

A 5-liter, four necked round bottom flask was equipped with paddlestirrer, thermometer, nitrogen inlet and condenser. In the initialkettle charge, a mixture of 2.11 grams of surfactant A¹ and 814.7 gramsof deionized water was added to the kettle and heated to 86° C. under anitrogen atmosphere. A monomer emulsion (“ME”) was prepared by mixing409 grams of deionized water, 64.53 grams of surfactant A, 1080 grams ofbutyl acrylate, 880 grams of methyl methacrylate, 5 grams of1-dodecanethiol, and 40 grams of phosphoethyl methacrylate (“PEM:” 50weight % active, strong acid monomer). The pH was controlled as shown inFIG. 1, where the monomer emulsion (“ME”) percentage addition is plottedagainst pH which is controlled to be within the range of 1.5 to 3.5throughout at least 70% of the phosphorus-containing acidic monomerfeed. Likewise, in the examples that follow, a similar approach tocontrol the pH was utilized. Thus, with the kettle water at 86° C., thefollowing materials were added in order: a solution of 6.54 grams ofammonium bicarbonate in 41.1 grams of deionized water, 76.5 grams of theME and 10 grams of deionized water rinse, and a solution of 3.99 gramsof ammonium persulfate in 26.4 grams of deionized water. After stirringfor 5 minutes, the remaining ME was added over a period of 120 minutesat 86° C. A co-feed solution of 3.99 grams of ammonium persulfate in144.2 grams of deionized water was gradually added along with the MEfeed. When half of the ME was added to the kettle, another co-feedsolution of 10.5 grams of ammonium hydroxide (28%) in 72 grams ofdeionized water was gradually added to the reactor over one hour. Afterthe completion of the monomer addition, the ME container was rinsed with25 grams of deionized water. A mixture of 14 grams of a 0.15% ironsulfate solution and 8 grams of a 1% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acidtetrasodium salt solution was then added, followed by a solution of 0.29grams of 70% tert-butyl hydroperoxide in 21 grams of deionized water anda solution of 0.57 grams of isoascorbic acid in 21 grams of deionizedwater. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to 72° C. While thereaction mixture was allowed to continue to cool, two chase solutions(0.86 grams of 70% tert-butyl hydroperoxide in 63.4 grams of deionizedwater and 1.71 grams of isoascorbic acid in 63.4 grams of deionizedwater) were added over 30 minutes. Ammonium hydroxide (28%, 6.0 grams)was added to the kettle, after which the dispersion was filtered toremove any coagulum. The filtered dispersion had a pH of 8.6, and 52.3%of solids content, and an average particle size of 185 nm. The diameterof the polymer particles was measured by a quasi-elastic lightscattering technique, with a Model BI-90 particle sizer of BrookhavenInstruments Corp. ¹Surfactant A is a 31% solution in water of a mixtureof surfactants comprising sodium ethoxylated C₆-C₁₈ alkyl ether sulfateshaving 1-40 ethylene oxide monomer residues per molecule.

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of a Phosphorus-Functional Polymer withAcid-Functional Monomer

The procedure of Example 1 was followed except 20 grams of the methylmethacrylate (in Example 1) was replaced with an equal weight ofmethacrylic acid (in Example 2). The filtered dispersion had a pH of8.4, and 51.6% of solids content, and an average particle size of 203 nmby BI-90.

EXAMPLE 3 Comparisons of Paints Made with a Phosphorus-Functional Binderwith and without Acid-Functional Monomer

Conventional semi-gloss interior wall paints were prepared using thebinders from Example 1 and 2 according to the following formulation. Thecomponents of the pigment grind were milled on a high speed diskdisperser and then the pigment grind was added slowly with slowagitation to the binder. This has been found to be the optimum order ofaddition, in terms of minimizing grit formation in the paint. Theremainder of the letdown components was then added to hit a targetviscosity of 90KU and 1.3 ICI. A control paint was also made usingRhoplex® SG-30 from Rohm and Haas Company, a commercial standard.

Components Weight Used (grams) Pigment Grind Kronos ® 4311 rutiletitanium dioxide slurry 286.3 Tamol ® 1124 dispersant 0.70 AMP-95neutralizing Agent 1.0 Triton ® CF-10 surfactant 1.0 Drewplus ® L-475defoamer 1.0 Minex ® 10 flatting aid 14.0 Letdown components Binder426.4 Texanol ® coalescent 4.5 Ethylene glycol anti-freeze 6.5 Water207.6 Ropaque Ultra ® opaque polymer 35.7 Drewplus ® L-475 defoamer 1.0DSX-3075 thickener 37.8 - for Example 1 21.5 - for Example 2 Acrysol ®SCT-275 thickener 16.8 - for Example 1 12.2 - for Example 2These paints were evaluated for viscosity stability, grit level, andscrub resistance as shown in Table 1. The viscosity stability, asmeasured by overnight ΔKU, is considered to be acceptable for a ΔKU ofless than 12, and viscosity stability, as measured by heat age ΔKU, isconsidered to be acceptable for a ΔKU of less than 20. For the scrubresistance test, acceptable scrub resistance would be greater than 1000cycles before observing the test end-point (complete removal of thepaint film in one continuous line exposing the black vinyl chart).

TABLE 1 Heat Overnight Age Scrub Binder PEM MAA Grit ΔKU ΔKU (cycles)Example 1 1.0% 0 Slight 6 4 Pass (1225) Example 2 1.0% 1.0% None 8 15Fail (790) Rhoplex ® None 8 16 Pass (1350) SG-30

The data in Table 1 show that the incorporation of an acid-functional(carboxylate) monomer via a co-feed process at a controlled pH decreasesthe formation of grit in the paint. The viscosity stability of theExample paints are in the range of the commercial control.

EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of a Phosphorus-Functional Polymer with 1.5 WeightPercent PEM

A 5-liter, four necked round bottom flask was equipped with paddlestirrer, thermometer, nitrogen inlet and condenser. In the initialkettle charge, a mixture of 8.2 grams of Rhodapex® CO-436 surfactant and700 grams of deionized water was added to the kettle and heated to 86°C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. A monomer emulsion (ME) was prepared bymixing 500 grams of deionized water, 26.2 grams of Rhodapex® CO-436surfactant, 950.6 grams of butyl acrylate, 968 grams of methylmethacrylate, 2.5 grams of 1-dodecanethiol, 40 grams of ureidomethacrylate (50% solution in water), and 60 grams of phosphoethylmethacrylate (50 weight % active, strong acid monomer). With the kettlewater at 86° C., the following materials were added in order: a solutionof 3.3 grams of ammonium bicarbonate in 41.3 grams of deionized water,81.3 grams of the ME and 10 grams of deionized water rinse, and asolution of 3.99 grams of ammonium persulfate in 26.4 grams of deionizedwater, and a mixture of 19.8 grams of a 0.15% iron sulfate solution and3 grams of a 1% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium saltsolution. After stirring for 5 minutes, the remaining ME was added overa period of 120 minutes at 86° C. Two cofeed solutions (a solution of 4grams of 70% tert-amyl hydroperoxide and 1.3 grams of Rhodapex® CO-436surfactant in 144 grams of deionized water, and a solution of 3.1 gramsof isoascorbic acid in 135 grams of deionized water) were graduallyadded along with the monomer emulsion addition. When half of the ME wasadded to the kettle, 10.5 grams of ammonium hydroxide (28%) was added tothe isoascorbic acid cofeed solution. After the completion of themonomer addition, the ME container was rinsed with 20 grams of deionizedwater. A solution of 0.29 grams of 70% tert-butyl hydroperoxide in 4.3grams of deionized water, and a solution of 0.20 grams of isoascorbicacid in 6 grams of deionized water were added, and the batch was held at82° for 15 minutes. A solution of 0.82 grams of 70% tert-butylhydroperoxide in 21.7 grams of deionized water and a solution of 0.70grams of isoascorbic acid in 21.7 grams of deionized water were addedover 30 minutes while the reaction mixture was allowed to continue tocool to 72°. Ammonium hydroxide (28%, 10.5 grams) was added to thekettle, after which the dispersion was filtered to remove any coagulum.The filtered dispersion had a pH of 8.5, and 52.5% of solids content,and an average particle size of 117 nm by BI-90.

EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of a Phosphorus-Functional Polymer with 1.5 WeightPercent PEM and an Ethoxylate Barrier Layer

To 1000 grams of the polymer dispersion prepared in Example 4 was slowlyadded a solution of 7.9 grams of Triton® X-100 nonionic surfactant in23.7 grams of deionized water.

EXAMPLE 6 Comparisons of Paints Made with a Phosphorus-Functional BinderWith and Without an Ethoxylate Barrier Layer

Conventional semi-gloss interior wall paints were prepared using thebinders from Examples 4 and 5 according to the procedure described inExample 3, except for each paint made, 28.0 grams of Acrysol® RM-2020was substituted for the DSX-3075 thickener, and the amount of 2.0 gramsof Acrysol® SCT-275 was used as the second thickener. The paint resultsare shown in Table 2. Again, an acceptable overnight change in KUviscosity would be a ΔKU less than 12.

TABLE 2 Overnight Binder PEM MAA X-100 ΔKU Grit Example 4 1.5% 0 0 3Moderate Example 5 1.5% 0 1.5% 9 None to slight - highly sensitive tomixing conditions used

The data in Table 2 show that the incorporation of an ethoxylate barrierlayer, in this case through the post-addition of a non-ionic surfactant,in a paint made with favorable mixing conditions (pigment added tobinder per Example 3), significantly decreases, while not eliminatingthe formation of grit in the paint.

EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of a Phosphorus-Functional Polymer withAcid-Functional Monomer and an Ethoxylate Barrier Layer

The procedure of Example 4 was followed, however, the raw materialcharges in this Example (Table 3, below) were modified compared withthose in Example 4:

TABLE 3 Example 4 Charge Example 7 Charge Component Amount Amount Methylmethacrylate 968 978 Methacrylic acid 0 10 grams (0.5 wgt %)Phosphoethyl 60 grams (1.5 wgt %) 40 grams (1.0 wgt %) methacrylate (50weight % active strong acid monomer) Triton ® X-100 post-add 0  30 grams(1.5 wgt. %)

The filtered dispersion had a pH of 8.5, and 53.4% of solids content,and an average particle size of 115 nm by BI-90. EXAMPLE 8 Comparisonsof Paints Made with a Phosphorus-Functional Binder with and without aCombination of Acid-Functional Monomer and an Ethoxylate Barrier Layer

Paints were prepared using the formulation ingredients shown in Example3, except that the Minex® 10 flatting agent was deleted. The order ofaddition was reversed relative to that described in Example 3, with thebinder here added to the pigment grind, representing a harsh test for alatex adsorption binder. The results are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Binder Grit Hiding (S/mil) Gloss (20°/60°) Example 4 Severe(solid block) Example 7 Very slight 8.0 34/67 Rhoplex ® SG 30 None 7.431/67

The data in Table 4 show that the binder containing the phosphorusmonomer, acid-functional (carboxylate) monomer, and ethoxylate layer canbe used to make a high hiding (latex adsorbed) paint, even under theunfavorable mixing conditions used in the example.

Within the paint industry, the difference in the hiding value (8.0versus 7.4) displayed by the inventive paint compared to that producedusing the commercial Rhoplex® SG-30 represents a significantimprovement. The binder containing only the phosphorus functionality(Example 4) did not make a paint under these conditions.

EXAMPLE 9 Comparisons of Paints Made with a Phosphorus-Functional Binderwith and without a Combination of Acid-Functional Monomer and anEthoxylate Barrier Layer

Paints were prepared using the formulation ingredients of Example 8,except that the preferred order of addition, namely pigment grind addedto binder, was followed. The properties of these paints are shown inTable 5 below.

TABLE 5 Rhoplex ® Binder Used EXAMPLE 4 EXAMPLE 7 SG-30 PEM/MAA Level1.5/0   1.0/0.5 Control Grit Level Slight None None Overnight ΔKU 11 1212 (directly off the agitator the next day) Gloss (20°/60°) 31/64 39/7031/67 Hiding (S/mil) 8.2 8.4 7.4 Scrub (cycles) Pass (1218) Pass (1200)Pass (1363) Crayon removal 8 10 Pencil removal 7.5 5 Lipstick removal 97 Washable black 10 10 marker removal Black China marker 1 3 removalBlack Pen Removal 9 6 Blue highlighter 10 10 removal Mustard removal 9 4Coffee removal 8 1 Overall stain +3 stains evaluation (vs. SG-30)(compared to SG-30)

The paint utilizing the binder of Example 7 has superior overall stainresistance properties compared to the commercial control, Rhoplex® SG-30(i.e. the stain resistance is better than Rhoplex® SG-30 for five of thestains, and worse for two of the stains, giving it a net +3 overallstain evaluation compared to Rhoplex® SG-30).

The data in Table 5 show that the paint utilizing a binder embodying theinvention (EXAMPLE 7) displays high hiding, and displays the otherrequisite key properties of an interior wall binder: paint preparationwith no visible grit, scrub resistance significantly greater than 1000cycles, and stain resistance equal or better than the commercialcontrol.

EXAMPLE 10 Preparation of a Phosphorus-Functional Polymer withAcid-Functional Monomer

A 5-liter, four necked round bottom flask was equipped with paddlestirrer, thermometer, nitrogen inlet and condenser. In the initialkettle charge, a mixture of 30.0 grams of surfactant A and 694 grams ofdeionized water was added to the kettle and heated to 86° C. under anitrogen atmosphere. A monomer emulsion (ME) was prepared by mixing 511grams of deionized water, 66.7 grams of surfactant A, 1080 grams ofbutyl acrylate, 851.6 grams of methyl methacrylate, 2.5 grams of1-dodecanethiol, 40 grams of ureido methacrylate (50% solution inwater), 8.4 grams of acrylic acid, and 40 grams of phosphoethylmethacrylate (50 weight % active, strong acid monomer). With the kettlewater at 86° C., the following materials were added in order: a solutionof 3.2 grams of ammonium bicarbonate in 41.3 grams of deionized water, asolution of 4 grams of ammonium persulfate in 26.5 grams of deionizedwater, 88.9 grams of an acrylic emulsion (seed polymer, 45% solids and100 nm particle size) and 20 grams of deionized water rinse, and amixture of 19.8 grams of a 0.15% iron sulfate solution and 3 grams of a1% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt solution. The ME wasthen added to the kettle at 86° C. over 2 hours. Two cofeed solutions (asolution of 4 grams of 70% tert-amyl hydroperoxide and 1.3 grams ofsurfactant A in 144 grams of deionized water, and a solution of 3.1grams of isoascorbic acid in 135 grams of deionized water) weregradually added along with the monomer emulsion addition. When half ofthe ME was added to the kettle, 10.5 grams of ammonium hydroxide (28%)was added to the isoascorbic acid cofeed solution. After the completionof the monomer addition, the ME container was rinsed with 22 grams ofdeionized water. A solution of 0.27 grams of 70% tert-butylhydroperoxide in 5 grams of deionized water, and a solution of 0.20grams of isoascorbic acid in 6 grams of deionized water were added, andthe batch was held at 82° for 15 minutes. A solution of 0.82 grams of70% tert-butyl hydroperoxide in 25 grams of deionized water and asolution of 0.70 grams of isoascorbic acid in 22 grams of deionizedwater were added over 30 minutes while the reaction mixture was allowedto cool. Ammonium hydroxide (28%, 16.5 grams) was added to the kettle,after which the dispersion was filtered to remove any coagulum. Thefiltered dispersion had a pH of 8.1, and 52.6% of solids content.Examination of the dispersion with CHDF showed that it has twodistinctive modes (38% at 211 nm and 62% at 83 nm by weight).

EXAMPLE 11 Preparation of a Phosphorus-Functional Polymer withAcid-Functional Monomer

A 5-liter, four necked round bottom flask was equipped with paddlestirrer, thermometer, nitrogen inlet and condenser. In the initialkettle charge, a mixture of 13.7 grams of Rhodapex® CO-436 surfactantand 690 grams of deionized water was added to the kettle and heated to86° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. A monomer emulsion (ME) was preparedby mixing 544 grams of deionized water, 36.3 grams of Rhodapex® CO-436surfactant, 1080 grams of butyl acrylate, 852 grams of methylmethacrylate, 2.5 grams of 1-dodecanethiol, 40 grams of ureidomethacrylate (50% solution in water), 8 grams of itaconic acid, and 40grams of phosphoethyl methacrylate (50 weight % active, strong acidmonomer). With the kettle water at 86° C., the following materials wereadded in order: a solution of 3.3 grams of ammonium bicarbonate in 41.3grams of deionized water, a solution of 4 grams of ammonium persulfatein 26.5 grams of deionized water, 88.9 grams of an acrylic emulsion(seed polymer, 45% solids and 100 nm particle size) and 20 grams ofdeionized water rinse, and a mixture of 19.8 grams of a 0.15% ironsulfate solution and 3 grams of a 1% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acidtetrasodium salt solution. The ME was then added to the kettle at 86° C.over 2 hours. Two cofeed solutions (a solution of 4 grams of 70%tert-amyl hydroperoxide and 0.7 grams of Rhodapex® CO-436 in 144 gramsof deionized water, and a solution of 3.1 grams of isoascorbic acid in135 grams of deionized water) were gradually added along with themonomer emulsion addition. When half of the ME was added to the kettle,10.5 grams of ammonium hydroxide (28%) was added to the isoascorbic acidcofeed solution. After the completion of the monomer addition, the MEcontainer was rinsed with 22 grams of deionized water. A solution of0.27 grams of 70% tert-butyl hydroperoxide in 5 grams of deionizedwater, and a solution of 0.20 grams of isoascorbic acid in 6 grams ofdeionized water were added, and the batch was held at 82° for 15minutes. A solution of 0.82 grams of 70% tert-butyl hydroperoxide in 25grams of deionized water and a solution of 0.70 grams of isoascorbicacid in 22 grams of deionized water were added over 30 minutes while thereaction mixture was allowed to cool. Ammonium hydroxide (28%, 16.5grams) was added to the kettle, after which the dispersion was filteredto remove any coagulum. The filtered dispersion had a pH of 9.0, and52.3% of solids content. Examination of the dispersion with CHDF showedthat it has two distinctive modes (40% at 216 nm and 60% at 88 nm byweight).

EXAMPLE 12 Preparation of a Phosphorus-Functional Polymer withAcid-Functional Monomer

The procedure of Example 10 was followed, except that the monomeremulsion was prepared by mixing 544 grams of deionized water, 36.3 gramsof Rhodapex® CO-436 surfactant, 700 grams of butyl acrylate, 400 gramsof 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 830 grams of methyl methacrylate, 2.5 grams of1-dodecanethiol, 40 grams of ureido methacrylate (50% solution inwater), 10 grams of methacrylic acid, and 40 grams of phosphoethylmethacrylate (50 weight % active, strong acid monomer). The filtereddispersion had a pH of 8.9, and 53.0% of solids content. Examination ofthe dispersion with CHDF showed that it has two distinctive modes (35%at 207 nm and 65% at 91 nm by weight).

EXAMPLE 13 Preparation of a Phosphorus-Functional Polymer withAcid-Functional Monomer

A 5-liter, four necked round bottom flask is equipped with paddlestirrer, thermometer, nitrogen inlet and condenser. In the initialkettle charge, a mixture of 13.7 grams of Rhodapex® CO-436 surfactantand 690 grams of deionized water is added to the kettle and heated to86° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. A monomer emulsion (ME) is preparedby mixing 544 grams of deionized water, 36.3 grams of Rhodapex® CO-436surfactant, 1000 grams of butyl acrylate, 940 grams of methylmethacrylate, 2.5 grams of 1-dodecanethiol, 40 grams of ureidomethacrylate (50% solution in water), 10 grams of methacrylic acid, and30 grams of Sipomer® PAM-200². With the kettle water at 86° C., thefollowing materials are added in order: a solution of 1.6 grams ofammonium bicarbonate in 41.3 grams of deionized water, a solution of 4grams of ammonium persulfate in 26.5 grams of deionized water, 88.9grams of an acrylic emulsion (seed polymer, 45% solids and 100 nmparticle size) and 20 grams of deionized water rinse, and a mixture of19.8 grams of a 0.15% iron sulfate solution and 3 grams of a 1%ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt solution. The ME isthen added to the kettle at 86° C. over 2 hours. Two cofeed solutions (asolution of 4 grams of 70% tert-amyl hydroperoxide and 0.7 grams ofRhodapex® CO-436 in 144 grams of deionized water, and a solution of 3.1grams of isoascorbic acid in 135 grams of deionized water) are graduallyadded along with the monomer emulsion addition. When half of the ME isadded to the kettle, 7 grams of ammonium hydroxide (28%) is added to theisoascorbic acid cofeed solution. After the completion of the monomeraddition, the ME container is rinsed with 20 grams of deionized water. Asolution of 0.27 grams of 70% tert-butyl hydroperoxide in 5 grams ofdeionized water, and a solution of 0.20 grams of isoascorbic acid in 6grams of deionized water are added, and the batch is held at 82° for 1.5minutes. A solution of 0.82 grams of 70% tert-butyl hydroperoxide in 25grams of deionized water and a solution of 0.70 grams of isoascorbicacid in 22 grams of deionized water are added over 30 minutes while thereaction mixture is allowed to cool. Ammonium hydroxide (28%, 13 grams)is added to the kettle, after which the dispersion is filtered to removeany coagulum. A solution of 20 grams of Triton X-100 in 75 grams ofdeionized water is added to give the polymer emulsion. ²Sipomer® is atrademark of Rhodia. Sipomer® PAM-200 is a phosphate containing monomermade by Rhodia.

EXAMPLE 14 Preparation of a Phosphorus-Functional Polymer withAcid-Functional Monomer and Methoxypolyethyleneglycol 550 Methacrylate

The procedure of Example 10 was followed, except that the monomeremulsion was prepared by mixing 544 grams of deionized water, 36.3 gramsof Rhodapex® CO-436 surfactant, 1080 grams of butyl acrylate, 810.5grams of methyl methacrylate, 2.5 grams of 1-dodecanethiol, 40 grams ofureido methacrylate (50% solution in water), 10 grams of methacrylicacid, 40 grams of phosphoethyl methacrylate (50 weight % active, strongacid monomer), and 39.5 grams of Bisomer MPEG550MA(methoxypolyethyleneglycol 550 methacrylate).

The filtered dispersion had a pH of 8.3, and 52.7% of solids content.Examination of the dispersion with CHDF showed that it has twodistinctive modes (34% at 225 nm and 66% at 99 nm by weight).

EXAMPLE 15 Multistage Polymerization to Prepare a Phosphorus-FunctionalPolymer with Acid-Functional Monomer

A 5-liter, four necked round bottom flask was equipped with paddlestirrer, thermometer, nitrogen inlet and condenser. In the initialkettle charge, a mixture of 15.5 grams of Rhodapex® CO-436 surfactantand 700 grams of deionized water was added to the kettle and heated to86° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. A monomer emulsion (ME) was preparedby mixing 496 grams of deionized water, 34.5 grams of Rhodapex® CO-436surfactant, 1008.5 grams of butyl acrylate, 883.3 grams of methylmethacrylate, 2.4 grams of 1-dodecanethiol, 9.7 grams of methacrylicacid, and 38.8 grams of phosphoethyl methacrylate (50 weight % active,strong acid monomer). With the kettle water at 86° C., the followingmaterials were added in order: a solution of 4.6 grams of ammoniumbicarbonate in 41.3 grams of deionized water, a solution of 4 grams ofammonium persulfate in 26.5 grams of deionized water, 88.9 grams of anacrylic emulsion (seed polymer, 45% solids and 100 nm particle size) and20 grams of deionized water rinse, and a mixture of 19.8 grams of a0.15% iron sulfate solution and 3 grams of a 1%ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt solution. The ME wasthen added to the kettle at 86° C. over 2 hours. Two cofeed solutions (asolution of 4 grams of 70% tert-amyl hydroperoxide and 0.7 grams ofRhodapex® CO-436 in 144 grams of deionized water, and a solution of 3.1grams of isoascorbic acid in 135 grams of deionized water) weregradually added along with the monomer emulsion addition. When half ofthe ME was added to the kettle, 10.5 grams of ammonium hydroxide (28%)was added to the isoascorbic acid cofeed solution. After the completionof the monomer addition, the ME container was rinsed with 45 grams ofdeionized water. The reaction mixture was held at 86° C. for 5 minutesand then cooled to 60° C. With the temperature at 60° C., a mixture of39 grams of styrene and 26.3 grams of divinylbenzene was added, followedby a solution of 2.3 grams of 70% tert-butyl hydroperoxide in 15 gramsof deionized water and a solution of 1 grams of isoascorbic acid in 20grams of deionized water. After 15 minutes at 60° C., the reactionmixture was allowed to cool down. A solution of 0.82 grams of 70%tert-butyl hydroperoxide in 25 grams of deionized water and a solutionof 0.70 grams of isoascorbic acid in 25 grams of deionized water wereadded over 30 minutes while the reaction mixture was allowed to cool.Ammonium hydroxide (28%, 17 grams) was added to the kettle, after whichthe dispersion was filtered to remove any coagulum. The filtereddispersion had a pH of 8.3, and 51.0% of solids content. Examination ofthe dispersion with CHDF showed that it has two distinctive modes (40%at 218 nm and 60% at 84 nm by weight).

EXAMPLE 16 Preparation of a Phosphorus-Functional Multistage Polymerwith Acid-Functional Monomer and an Ethoxylate Barrier Layer

To 1000 grams of the polymer dispersion prepared in Example 15 wasslowly added a solution of 7.7 grams of Triton X-100 nonionic surfactantin 23.1 grams of deionized water.

EXAMPLE 17 Multistage Polymerization to Prepare a Phosphorus-FunctionalPolymer with Acid-Functional Monomer

A 5-liter, four necked round bottom flask was equipped with paddlestirrer, thermometer, nitrogen inlet and condenser. In the initialkettle charge, a mixture of 7.6 grams of Rhodapex® CO-436 surfactant and694 grams of deionized water was added to the kettle and heated to 86°C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. A monomer emulsion (ME) was prepared bymixing 480 grams of deionized water, 36 grams of Rhodapex® CO-436surfactant, 1044.1 grams of butyl acrylate, 693 grams of methylmethacrylate, 2.3 grams of 1-dodecanethiol, 9 grams of methacrylic acid,and 36 grams of phosphoethyl methacrylate (50 weight % active, strongacid monomer). With the kettle water at 86° C., the following materialswere added in order: a solution of 6.6 grams of ammonium bicarbonate in41.3 grams of deionized water, a solution of 4 grams of ammoniumpersulfate in 26.5 grams of deionized water, 151 grams of an acrylicemulsion (seed polymer, 45% solids and 100 nm particle size) and 20grams of deionized water rinse, and a mixture of 19.8 grams of a 0.15%iron sulfate solution and 3 grams of a 1% ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid tetrasodium salt solution. The ME was then added to the kettle at86° C. over 100 minutes. Two co-fed solutions (a solution of 4 grams of70% tert-amyl hydroperoxide and 0.7 grams of Rhodapex® CO-436 in 144grams of deionized water, and a solution of 3.1 grams of isoascorbicacid in 135 grams of deionized water) were gradually added over a periodof 2 hours along with the monomer emulsion addition. When half of the MEwas added to the kettle, 10.5 grams of ammonium hydroxide (28%) wasadded to the isoascorbic acid cofeed solution. The reaction mixture washeld at 86° C. for 5 minutes. A second monomer emulsion made from 4.1grams of Rhodapex® CO-436, 51 grams of deionized water, 158 grams ofmethyl methacrylate, 40 grams of butyl acrylate, and 2 grams of allylmethacrylate was added over 15 minutes along with the remaining cofeedsolutions. After the completion of the monomer addition, the MEcontainer was rinsed with 45 grams of deionized water. The reactionmixture was held at 86° C. for 15 minutes. A solution of 0.27 grams of70% tert-butyl hydroperoxide in 5 grams of deionized water, and asolution of 0.20 grams of isoascorbic acid in 6 grams of deionized waterwere added, and the batch was cooled to 60° C. A solution of 0.82 gramsof 70% tert-butyl hydroperoxide in 25 grams of deionized water and asolution of 0.70 grams of isoascorbic acid in 22 grams of deionizedwater were added over 30 minutes while the reaction mixture continued tocool. Ammonium hydroxide (28%, 16.5 grams) was added to the kettle,after which the dispersion was filtered to remove any coagulum. Thefiltered dispersion had a pH of 9.1, and 52.5% of solids content.Examination of the dispersion with CHDF showed that it has twodistinctive modes (49% at 224 nm and 51% at 87 nm by weight).

EXAMPLE 18 Preparation of a Phosphorus-Functional Multistage Polymerwith Acid-Functional Monomer and an Ethoxylate Barrier Layer

To 1000 grams of the polymer dispersion prepared in Example 17 wasslowly added a solution of 7.9 grams of Triton X-100 nonionic surfactantin 23.7 grams of deionized water.

1. A coating composition comprising: (A) an aqueous dispersion ofparticles made from a copolymer comprising, based on the weight of thecopolymer: (i) 97.5-99.3 parts by weight of one or moremonoethylenically unsaturated monomers; (ii) 0.1-1.0 parts by weight ofacid functional or anionic monomer; and (iii) 0.6-1.5 parts by weight ofphosphorus-containing monomer; and where the dispersion furthercomprises 0.5-5.0 parts by weight, in relation to parts of copolymer, ofan entity containing —(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—X groups, where R=H or CH₃, z=3-60,and X is a nonionic, anionic or amphoteric functionality, wherein said—(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—X groups are pendant from the surface of the particles;and (B) titanium dioxide.
 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein thecopolymer is produced in a process, where the pH is maintained at 1.5 to4.5 throughout at least 70% of the phosphorus-containing monomer feed.3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the copolymer is produced in aprocess, where the pH is maintained at 1.5 to 3.5 throughout at least70% of the phosphorus-containing monomer feed.
 4. The composition ofclaim 1 wherein monomers (ii) and (iii) are co-fed to thepolymerization.
 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the copolymercomprises 0.75-1.0 parts by weight of phosphorus-containing monomer. 6.The composition of claim 1 wherein the copolymer comprises 0.2-0.5 partsby weight of acid functional or anionic monomers.
 7. The composition ofclaim 1 wherein the —(CH₂—CHRO)_(z)—X groups are introduced ascopolymerizable surfactants having at least one polymerizableethylenically unsaturated bond or polyalkylene oxide-derivatized(meth)acrylate monomers.